Performance of Conventional Properties of Coal Bottom Ash, Waste Cooking Oil, and ZycoTherm-SP2 Binders
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.0098Keywords:
Conventional Properties, Coal Bottom Ash , Waste Cooking Oil, ZycoTherm-SP2, BindersAbstract
This study presents the performance of Waste Cooking Oil (WCO), Coal Bottom Ash (CBA), and ZycoTherm-SP2 (ZT-SP2) as binder modifiers for warm mix Asphalt (WMA). The production of high-quality products depends on a reliable and well-regulated environment, with the control of mixing and compaction temperatures remaining a critical concern. This study aims to characterize the conventional properties of the bitumen binders by incorporating CBA, WCO, and ZT-SP2 in a controlled laboratory. The study's main contribution is the integration of a new warm mix chemical additive (ZT-SP2) into the binder mixtures which lowers the mixing and compaction temperatures by 30oC and 30 – 40oC, respectively. CBA, WCO, and ZT-SP2-modified binders were produced and characterized in the laboratory setup. The modifiers’ optimum contents were discovered to be 5%, 4%, and 0.1% respectively, and these optimum contents enhanced the bitumen's conventional properties. The modified binders’ viscosity (0.62 Pa.s) is appropriate for a range of situations that balance workability and permanent deformation resistance.
Downloads
References
N. L. S. Ing et al., “The Influence of Coal Bottom Ash as Filler in Asphalt Mixture,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 912 KEM, pp. 185–198, 2022, doi: 10.4028/p-beny4x.
M. I. Al, R. Embong, K. Muthusamy, N. Ismail, and I. I. Obianyo, “Recycled coal bottom ash as sustainable materials for cement replacement in cementitious Composites: A review,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 338, no. March, p. 127624, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127624.
H. Hamada, A. Alattar, B. Tayeh, and F. Yahaya, “Case Studies in Construction Materials: Sustainable application of coal bottom ash as fine aggregates in concrete: A comprehensive review,” Case Stud. Constr. Mater., vol. 16, no. March, p. e01109, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cscm. 2022. e01109.
K. Tamanna, S. N. Raman, M. Jamil, and R. Hamid, “Coal bottom ash as supplementary material for sustainable construction: A comprehensive review,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 389, no. May, p. 131679, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131679.
A. Jędrczak, “Composting and Fermentation of Biowaste - Advantages and Disadvantages of Processes,” Civ. Environ. Eng. Reports, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 71–87, 2018, doi: 10.2478/ceer-2018-0052.
S. Cadersa, A. K. Seeborun, A. Chan, and C. Yuk, “Use of Coal Bottom Ash as Mechanical Stabiliser in Subgrade Soil,” vol. 2014, 2014.
N. Xu, H. Wang, H. Wang, M. Kazemi, and E. Fini, “Research progress on resource utilization of waste cooking oil in asphalt materials: A state-of-the-art review,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 385, no. December 2022, p. 135427, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135427.
J. R. Joshi, K. K. Bhanderi, and J. V Patel, “Journal of the Indian Chemical Society Waste cooking oil as a promising source for bio-lubricants- A review,” J. Indian Chem. Soc., vol. 100, no. 1, p. 100820, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100820.
W. N. A. W. Azahar et al., “The potential of waste cooking oil as bio-asphalt for alternative binder – An overview,” J. Teknol., vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 111–116, 2016, doi: 10.11113/jt.v78.8007.
S. Jain and A. K. Chandrappa, “Rheological and chemical investigation on asphalt binder incorporating high recycled asphalt with waste cooking oil as rejuvenator,” Innov. Infrastruct. Solut., vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1–19, 2022, doi: 10.1007/s41062-022-00871-3.
Zydex Group, “Zydex nanotechnology based bitumen additives for chemically bonded organosilane products,” Zydex Group. [Online]. Available: https://zydexgroup.com/bitumen-additive/. [Accessed: Jul. 9, 2025].
M. Zargar, E. Ahmadinia, H. Asli, and M. R. Karim, “Investigation of the possibility of using waste cooking oil as a rejuvenating agent for aged bitumen,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 233–234, pp. 254–258, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.021.
W. Han et al., “The conundrum of waste cooking oil: Transforming hazard into energy,” J. Hazard. Mater., vol. 417, no. May, p. 126129, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126129.
Z. Ali and N. Abdul, “Case Studies in Construction Materials: Moisture susceptibility and environmental impact of warm mix asphalt containing bottom ash,” Case Stud. Constr. Mater., vol. 15, no. June, p. e00636, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cscm. 2021. e00636.
W. Ahmad, A. Ahmad, K. Adam, and F. Aslam, “Case Studies in Construction Materials Short Communication A scientometric review of waste material utilization in concrete for sustainable construction,” Case Stud. Constr. Mater., vol. 15, no. September, p. e00683, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.cscm. 2021. e00683.
M. Rodríguez-alloza, J. Gallego, I. Pérez, A. Bonati, and F. Giuliani, “High and low-temperature properties of crumb rubber modified binders containing warm mix asphalt additives,” vol. 53, pp. 460–466, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.026.
N. Lippiatt, T. C. Ling, and S. Y. Pan, “Towards carbon-neutral construction materials: Carbonation of cement-based materials and the future perspective,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 28, p. 101062, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101062.
P. K. Gautam, P. Kalla, A. S. Jethoo, and R. Agrawal, “Sustainable use of waste in flexible pavement: A review,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 180, pp. 239–253, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.067.
Y. Babangida, M. A. Aziz, K. Anuar, F. Abdul, and M. Imran, “A review on green economy and development of green roads and highways using carbon neutral materials,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol.. 101, no. November 2018, pp. 600–613, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.036.
Y. B. Attahiru et al., “A review on green economy and development of green roads and highways using carbon-neutral materials,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev, vol.. 101, no. June 2018, pp. 600–613, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.11.036.
J. K. Thakur and J. Han, “Recent development of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) bases treated for roadway applications,” Transp. Infrastruct. Geotechnol., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 68–86, 2015.
M. Sukhija, N. Saboo, and A. Pani, “Effect of warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies on the moisture resistance of asphalt mixtures,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 369, no. November 2022, p. 130589, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130589.
A. Jamshidi and G. White, “Evaluation of performance and challenges of use of waste materials in pavement construction: A critical review,” Appl. Sci., vol. 10, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.3390/app10010226.
Behnood, “A review of the warm mix asphalt (WMA) technologies: Effects on thermo-mechanical and rheological properties,” J. Clean. Prod., 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120817.
Z. Xintao, C. Meizhu, Z. Yuechao, W. Shaopeng, C. Dongyu, and S. Yuanhang, “Influence of macromolecular substances in waste cooking oil on rejuvenation properties of asphalt with different aging degrees,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 361, no. September, p. 129522, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129522.
S. Ali, H. Kumar, S. H. Rizvi, M. S. Raza, and J. K. Ansari, “Effects of Steel Fibres on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Cement Concrete,” Civ. Environ. Eng. Reports, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 186–199, 2020, doi: 10.2478/ceer-2020-0039.
S. Ziane, M.-R. Khelifa, and S. Mezhoud, “A Study of the Durability of Concrete Reinforced with Hemp Fibers Exposed to External Sulfatic Attack,” Civ. Environ. Eng. Reports, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 158–184, 2020, doi: 10.2478/ceer-2020-0025.
S. Medaoud, L. Mokrani, S. Mezhoud, and S. Ziane, “Characterization of Stabilised Sewage Sludge for Reuse in Road Pavement,” Civ. Environ. Eng. Reports, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 201–217, 2022, doi: 10.2478/ceer-2022-0012.
H. M. Najm and S. Ahmad, “The Use of Waste Ceramic Optimal Concrete for a Cleaner and Sustainable Environment - A Case Study of Mechanical Properties,” Civ. Environ. Eng. Reports, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 85–115, 2022, doi: 10.2478/ceer-2022-0030.
J. Meng, W. Xu, F. Meng, B. Wang, P. Zhao, and Z. Wang, “Effects of waste cooking oil biodiesel addition on combustion, regulated and unregulated emission characteristics of common-rail diesel engine,” Process Saf. Environ. Prot., vol. 178, no. August, pp. 1094–1106, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.psep.2023.08.065.
Y. Luna, C. G. Arenas, A. Cornejo, C. Leiva, L. F. Vilches, and C. Ferna, “Recycling by-products from coal-fired power stations into different construction materials,” pp. 387–397, 2014, doi: 10.1007/s40095-014-0120-6.
S. A. Mohammed et al., “A Review of the Utilization of Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) in the Construction Industry,” pp. 1–16, 2021.
K. Muthusamy et al., “Coal bottom ash as sand replacement in concrete: A review,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 236, p. 117507, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117507.
N. Izzati, R. Ramzi, S. Shahidan, and N. Ali, “A Comprehensive Review on the Properties of Coal Bottom Ash in Concrete as Sound Absorption Material,” vol. 01005, pp. 1–10, 2017.
A. Mousa, “Utilization of coal bottom ash from thermal power plants as a cement replacement for building: A promising sustainable practice,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 74, no. March, p. 106885, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106885.
M. I. Al, R. Embong, A. Kusbiantoro, and H. Abdel-Jabbar, “Materials Today: Proceedings Impact of recycled coal bottom ash as mixing ingredient on fresh and mechanical properties of concrete: A review,” Mater. Today, Proc., no. December 2022, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.10.088.
P. Torkittikul, T. Nochaiya, W. Wongkeo, and A. Chaipanich, “Utilization of coal bottom ash to improve the thermal insulation of construction material,” J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 305–317, 2017, doi: 10.1007/s10163-015-0419-2.
S. A. Mangi, M. H. Wan Ibrahim, N. Jamaluddin, M. F. Arshad, and R. Putra Jaya, “Short-term effects of sulphate and chloride on the concrete containing coal bottom ash as supplementary cementitious material,” Eng. Sci. Technol. and Int. J., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 515–522, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jestch.2018.09.001.
W. B. C. Silva, S. H. A. Barroso, A. E. B. Cabral, R. Stefanutti, and L. G. Picado-Santos, “Assessment of concrete road paving blocks with coal bottom ash: Physical and mechanical characterization,” Case Stud. Constr. Mater., vol. 18, no. December 2022, p. e02094, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cscm. 2023. e02094.
M. Y. Reddy and M. Harihanandh, “Materials Today: Proceedings Experimental studies on strength and durability of alkali-activated slag and coal bottom ash based geopolymer concrete,” Mater. Today, Proc., no xxxx, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.03.644.
B. Cheah, J. J. Liew, K. L. P. Kevin, R. Siddique, and W. Tangchirapat, “Influence of milling parameters on the properties of ground coal bottom ash and its blended cement,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 363, no. August 2022, p. 129745, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129745.
S. Ju, S. Bae, J. Jung, S. Park, and S. Pyo, “Use of coal bottom ash for the production of sodium silicate solution in metakaolin-based geopolymers concerning environmental load reduction,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 391, no. January, p. 131846, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131846.
N. Singh and A. Bhardwaj, “Reviewing the role of coal bottom ash as an alternative to cement,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 233, p. 117276, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117276.
M. Singh and R. Siddique, “Effect of coal bottom ash as partial replacement of sand on workability and strength properties of concrete,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 112, pp. 620–630, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.001.
H. Zhou et al., “Science of the Total Environment Towards sustainable coal industry: Turning coal bottom ash into wealth,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 804, p. 149985, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149985.
Y. Dong, M. Zhou, Y. Xiang, S. Wan, H. Li, and H. Hou, “Barrier effect of coal bottom ash-based geopolymers on soil contaminated by heavy metals,” RSC Adv., vol. 9, no. 49, pp. 28695–28703, 2019, doi: 10.1039/c9ra05542h.
S. K. Kirthika, M. Surya, and S. K. Singh, “Effect of clay in alternative fine aggregates on the performance of concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 228, p. 116811, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116811.
S. K. Kirthika, M. Surya, and S. K. Singh, “Effect of clay in alternative fine aggregates on the performance of concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 228, p. 116811, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116811.
M. S. P. Dassanayake and S. M. A. Nanayakkara, “Development of geopolymer with coal-fired boiler ash,” MERCon 2018 - 4th Int. Multidiscip. Moratuwa Eng. Res. Conf., pp. 356–361, 2018, doi: 10.1109/MERCon 2018.8421910.
R. A. Antunes Boca Santa, C. Soares, and H. G. Riella, “Geopolymers obtained from bottom ash as a source of aluminosilicate cured at room temperature,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 157, pp. 459–466, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.111.
S. Oruji, N. A. Brake, L. Nalluri, and R. K. Guduru, “Strength activity and microstructure of blended ultra-fine coal bottom ash-cement mortar,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 153, pp. 317–326, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.088.
Aydin, “Novel coal bottom ash waste composites for sustainable construction,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 124, pp. 582–588, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.142.
Baite, A. Messan, K. Hannawi, F. Tsobnang, and W. Prince, “Physical and transfer properties of mortar containing coal bottom ash aggregates from Tefereyre (Niger),” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 125, pp. 919–926, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.117.
T. Xie and T. Ozbakkaloglu, “Behavior of low-calcium fly and bottom ash-based geopolymer concrete cured at ambient temperature,” Ceram. Int., vol. 41, no. 4, pp. 5945–5958, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.01.031.
P. Onprom, K. Chaimoon, and R. Cheerarot, “Influence of Bottom Ash Replacements as Fine Aggregate on the Property of Cellular Concrete with Various Foam Contents,” vol. 2015, 2015.
Zhang and C. S. Poon, “Use of Furnace Bottom Ash for producing lightweight aggregate concrete with thermal insulation properties,” J. Clean. Prod., pp. 1–7, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.007.
“An Overview on the Potential of Coal-Based Bottom Ash as Low-Cost Adsorbents,” 2016, doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng 5b01437.
S. Gooi, A. A. Mousa, and D. Kong, “A critical review and gap analysis on the use of coal bottom ash as a substitute constituent in concrete,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 268, p. 121752, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121752.
X. Guan, L. Wang, and L. Mo, “Effects of ground coal bottom ash on the properties of cement-based materials under various curing temperatures,” J. Build. Eng., vol. 69, no. January, p. 106196, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2023.106196.
Arenas, C. Leiva, L. F. Vilches, H. Cifuentes, and M. Rodríguez-galán, “Technical specifications for highway noise barriers made of coal bottom ash-based sound absorbing concrete,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 95, pp. 585–591, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.107.
Ban, J. Jia, K. Le, P. Kevin, and R. Siddique, “Influence of milling parameters on the properties of ground coal bottom ash and its blended cement,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 363, no. November 2022, p. 129745, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129745.
R. Siddique, “Compressive strength, water absorption, sorptivity, abrasion resistance, and permeability of self-compacting concrete containing coal bottom,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 47, pp. 1444–1450, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.081.
A. H. Ibrahim et al., “Influence of Coal Bottom Ash on Properties of Portland Cement Mortar,” vol. 2, pp. 69–77, 2019.
H. Hansika, “Investigation on Properties of Cellular Lightweight Concrete Blocks with Bottom Ash,” 2019 Moratuwa Eng. Res. Conf., pp. 424–429, 2019.
M. Rafieizonooz, J. Mirza, M. Razman, M. Warid, and E. Khankhaje, “Investigation of coal bottom ash and fly ash in concrete as a replacement for sand and cement,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 116, pp. 15–24, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.080.
Y. B. Ahn, J. G. Jang, and H. K. Lee, “Mechanical properties of lightweight concrete made with coal ashes after exposure to elevated temperatures,” Cem. Concr. Compos., vol. 72, pp. 27–38, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.05.028.
M. Irsyad, M. D. S. Es, A. Rizki, and D. Putra, “Results in Engineering Experimental study of the thermal properties of waste cooking oil applied as thermal energy storage,” Results Eng., vol. 18, no. March, p. 101080, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101080.
A.M. YEl-shorbag, S. M. El-badawy, and A. R. Gabr, “Investigation of waste oils as rejuvenators of aged bitumen for sustainable pavement,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 220, pp. 228–237, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.180.
A. Adhikesavan, D. Ganesh, and V. C. Augustin, “Effect of quality of waste cooking oil on the properties of biodiesel, engine performance, and emissions,” Clean. Chem. Eng., vol. 4, no. December 2021, p. 100070, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.clce.2022.100070.
S. Jain, S. Dabbiru, and A. K. Chandrappa, “Effects of Waste Cooking Oil on the Antiageing Ability of Bitumen,” vol. 2023, 2023.
S. Shiung, R. Keey, A. Jusoh, C. Tung, F. Nasir, and H. A. Chase, “Progress in waste oil to sustainable energy, with emphasis on pyrolysis techniques,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 53, pp. 741–753, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.09.005.
Y. Zhu, S. Zhou, Y. Wei, B. Li, and H. Wang, “Insight into the function of waste cooking oil in the magnetite reduction process,” vol. 210, no. July 2022, pp. 188–195, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2023.04.068.
J. Xiong et al., “Production of bio-oil from waste cooking oil via microwave-assisted pyrolysis in the presence of waste eggshell CaO and HZSM-5: Process optimization and catalyst lifetime exploration,” Energy, vol. 283, no. April, p. 128416, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2023.128416.
K. Jacobson, R. Gopinath, L. C. Meher, and A. K. Dalai, “Solid acid catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil,” Appl. Catal.. B Environ., vol. 85, no. 1–2, pp. 86–91, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.07.005.
J. Kim et al., “Valorization of waste-cooking oil into sophorolipids and application of their methyl hydroxyl branched fatty acid derivatives to produce engineering bioplastics,” vol. 124, pp. 195–202, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.02.003.
A.Sharma, P. Kodgire, and S. S. Kachhwaha, Investigation of ultrasound-assisted KOH and CaO catalyzed transesterification for biodiesel production from waste cotton-seed cooking oil: Process optimization and conversion rate evaluation, vol. 259. Elsevier Ltd, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120982.
R. Foroutan, H. Esmaeili, S. M. Mousavi, S. A. Hashemi, and G. Yeganeh, “The physical properties of biodiesel-diesel fuel produced via transesterification process from different oil sources,” Phys. Chem. Res., vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 415–424, 2019, doi: 10.22036/pcr 2019.173224.1600.
A. B. Chhetri, K. C. Watts, and M. R. Islam, “Waste cooking oil as an alternate feedstock for biodiesel production,” Energies, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3–18, 2008, doi: 10.3390/en1010003.
M. Carlini, S. Castellucci, and S. Cocchi, “A pilot-scale study of waste vegetable oil transesterification with alkaline and acidic catalysts,” Energy Procedia, vol. 45, pp. 198–206, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.022.
Sun, T. Lu, F. Xiao, X. Zhu, and G. Sun, “Formulation and aging resistance of modified bio-asphalt containing a high percentage of waste cooking oil residues,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 161, pp. 1203–1214, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.155.
J. Ma, G. Sun, D. Sun, Y. Zhang, A. Cannone, and T. Lu, “Rubber asphalt modified with waste cooking oil residue: Optimized preparation, rheological property, storage stability, and aging characteristic,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 258, p. 120372, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120372.
S. Yan, Q. Dong, X. Chen, C. Zhou, S. Dong, and X. Gu, “Application of waste oil in asphalt rejuvenation and modification: A comprehensive review,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 340, no. May, p. 127784, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.127784.
W. Cao and C. Wang, “Fatigue performance characterization and prediction of asphalt binders using the linear amplitude sweep based viscoelastic continuum damage approach,” Int. J. Fatigue, vol. 119, no. October 2018, pp. 112–125, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2018.09.028.
Yousefi, A. Behnood, A. Nowruzi, and H. Haghshenas, “Performance evaluation of asphalt mixtures containing warm mix asphalt (WMA) additives and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP),” Constr. Build. Mater., no xxxx, p. 121200, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121200.
K. Yan, Y. Li, Z. Long, L. You, M. Wang, and M. Zhang, “Mechanical behaviors of asphalt mixtures modified with European rock bitumen and waste cooking oil,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 319, no. December 2021, p. 125909, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125909.
H. Fini et al., “Chemical Characterization of Biobinder from Swine Manure: Sustainable Modifier for Asphalt Binder,” no. November, pp. 1506–1513, 2011, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000237.
Z. Ye, W. Ren, H. Yang, Y. Miao, F. Sun, and L. Wang, “An improved asphalt penetration test method,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2021, doi: 10.3390/ma14010147.
K. Banerji, D. Chakraborty, A. Mudi, and P. Chauhan, “Materials Today: Proceedings Characterization of waste cooking oil and waste engine oil on physical properties of aged bitumen,” Mater. Today, Proc., vol. 59, pp. 1694–1699, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.03.401.
W. Zhang et al., “Evaluation method of storage stability of SBS modified bitumen based on dynamic rheological properties,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 323, no. January, p. 126615, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126615.
T. C. Herring, T. Nyomboi, and J. N. Thuo, “Ductility and cracking behavior of reinforced coconut shell concrete beams incorporated with coconut shell ash,” Results Eng., vol. 14, no. March, p. 100401, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100401.
Li-ping, W. Miao, D. Cong, and C. Li-Juan, “Effect of incorporating reclaimed asphalt pavement on macroscopic and microstructural properties of high ductility cementitious composites,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 260, p. 119956, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119956.
D. Zhang, M. Chen, S. Wu, J. Liu, and S. Amirkhanian, “Analysis of the relationships between waste cooking oil qualities and rejuvenated asphalt properties,” Materials (Basel), vol. 10, no. 5, 2017, doi: 10.3390/ma10050508.
T. H. Kim and J. K. Han, “Viscosity Characteristics of Waste Cooking Oil with Ultrasonic Energy Irradiation,” J. Biosyst. Eng., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 429–433, 2012, doi: 10.5307/jbe.2012.37.6.429.
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia (JKR) (2008). Standard Specification for Road Works: Section 4 - Flexible Pavement. JKR/SPJ/2008-S4. Kuala Lumpur.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
Similar Articles
- Aneel Kumar , Tauha Hussain Ali , Rabinder Kumar , Waseem Rattar , Mohsin Ali , Developing sustainable burnt clay bricks incorporating agro-industrial waste , Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology: Vol. 44 No. 2 (2025): April Issue
- Muhammad Raheel Bawani, Ali Ihsan Arol, Gulsen Tozsin, Abdulvahit Torun, Petrographical and chemical characteristics of cleaned oltu-stone waste for their potential use (as a semi-precious stone) , Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology: Vol. 44 No. 3 (2025): July Issue
- Bilal Tanveer, Sawera Samuel, Usman Pervaiz, Salman Ali Suhail, Muhammad Suleman, Enhancing the Soil Stability through the Incorporation of Waste Glass Powder , Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology: Vol. 44 No. 4 (2025): October Issue
- Tuan Anh Nguyen , Optimizing epoxy composites with Ca(OH)₂-treated durian peel fibers: Mechanical and fire-retardant insights , Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology: Vol. 44 No. 2 (2025): April Issue
- Muhammad Yousaf Raza Taseer, Ahmad Razin Zainal Abidin , Shafiq Ishak , Predicting the compressive strength of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) mortars with POFA via maturity method , Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology: Vol. 44 No. 3 (2025): July Issue
- Rizwan Younas, Mohd Zaidi bin Jaafar , Shaziera Omar , Muhammad Shahid , Atif Ismail, Sajid Khan, Ahmed R. ALBajalan, Muftahu N Yahya , Sustainable Methane production from Petroleum-Produced Water via Indigenous Microbial Consortia Under Reservoir Conditions , Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology: Vol. 45 No. 2 (2026): April Issue
- Usman Niaz, M S Aziz, Ayesha Jamil, Zeeshan Khan, Retna Apsari, Farrah Dilla Zainol, Sustainable Photocatalytic Removal of Diclofenac from Aquatic Environments Using CdS Nanorods: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Performance Evaluation , Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology: Vol. 45 No. 1 (2026): January Issue
- Ruhal Pervez Memon, Alyas Khan Mandokhail, Jabir Hussain Memon, Muhammad Noor Kakar, Irfan Ali Chandio, Gohar Nadeem, Mechanical and thermal analysis of self-curing concrete modified with polyethylene glycol-400 , Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology: Vol. 44 No. 3 (2025): July Issue
- Sikandar Almani, Muhammad Raheel Bawani, Ubedullah Ansari, Masroor Abro, Mashad Hussain, Ali Abbas, Design and fabrication of an indigenous confined bubble column: Investigation of single bubble ascent , Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology: Vol. 44 No. 2 (2025): April Issue
- Noor Nabi, Sajjad Karim, Abdur Rehman, Muhammad Haneef, Performance Analysis of Medium Voltage Porcelain and Polymer Cut-out Fuse Insulators under Lightning Impulse Wave Forms , Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology: Vol. 45 No. 1 (2026): January Issue
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.